Depending on their mechanism of action and the types of substances they transport, transport proteins may be classified into two major types primarily which include carrier proteins and the channel proteins. These two types of transport proteins have their own distinct characteristics and differ from each other in a number of aspects.
Channel proteins: These are the types of transport proteins that mostly assist the process of facilitated diffusion. They act like pores inside the membrane through which small ions or water molecules are easily allowed to pass through. They may be ‘Aquaporins’ – the ones for the transport of water, or ‘ion channel proteins’ – the ones that help in the transport of ions.
The gated channel proteins are also a type of transport proteins that help the solute to pass through the bilayer membrane by opening of a gate. Usually, the gate opens in response to a stimulus that comes in the form of temperature, electrical or chemical signal, or even mechanical force.
The channel proteins are designed in such a way that they only allow specific entry of substances and are open on both ways, intracellular and extracellular sides of the membrane.
Carrier proteins: These are the types of transport proteins that are designed in such a way that they are not open to either of the two sides of the membrane but not both during a specific transport interaction. They chiefly take part in the transport of substances by active transport process against the concentration gradient. Their work is accomplished by the expense of ATP which they crucially use for shape alteration that usually takes place after binding to the respective ion or molecule that they are transporting or ‘carrying’.
Notable Examples:
A few of the important examples of transport proteins include the following:
Gated channel proteins typically include Sodium (Na)-gated channels present in the neurons that help in the ion transport when triggered by a chemical stimulus. They are also called voltage-gated channels.
Sodium potassium pump – This is one of the most significant examples of transport proteins that follow the active transport mechanism for transport of sodium and potassium ions.
Sodium glucose transport proteins – Glucose molecules being too huge to cross the plasma membrane easily do it by the gated channel proteins.
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