Triglyceride is a naturally occurring hydrophobic lipid composed of a glycerol backbone and fatty acids. Esterification of glycerol and a single long-chain fatty acid produce monoglyceride, whilst reaction with two such fatty acids produce diglyceride, and reaction with three fatty acids results in the formation of triglyceride. Triglycerides are a significant component of oils and fats of both plant and animal origin.
Esterification of glycerol with saturated fatty acids results in the synthesis of crystallized triglycerides with a high melting point (such as fats). In contrast, esterification with unsaturated fatty acids produces triglycerides with a low melting point (such as oils). The three fatty acids in triglyceride reaction may or may necessarily be the same. The type of fatty acids used, chain length, polarity, and type of bonds influence the physicochemical properties of triglycerides. The synthesis of triglycerides primarily involves the formation of triple ester bonds. The three hydroxyl groups present in glycerol react with three carboxyl groups of three fatty acids. The hydroxyl groups are replaced, and the oxygen atoms connect the glycerol carbons with the three fatty acids to produce three ester bonds. Along with the formation of three ester bonds, three hydroxyl groups that are released from glycerol combine with three hydrogen ions released from three fatty acid chains to produce three water molecules.
Triglyceride metabolism and hydrolysis
Enzymes mediate the metabolism of triglycerides. Triglycerides react with water molecules and undergo the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis of triglycerides in the presence of pancreatic enzyme lipases under acidic pH leads to the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolysis of triglycerides is the opposite reaction of triglyceride synthesis. It involves the consumption of water molecules to dissolve the ester bonds in the triglyceride and split it into glycerol and fatty acids. This phenomenon is also known as lipolysis.
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Esterification of glycerol with saturated fatty acids results in the synthesis of crystallized triglycerides with a high melting point (such as fats). In contrast, esterification with unsaturated fatty acids produces triglycerides with a low melting point (such as oils). The three fatty acids in triglyceride reaction may or may necessarily be the same. The type of fatty acids used, chain length, polarity, and type of bonds influence the physicochemical properties of triglycerides. The synthesis of triglycerides primarily involves the formation of triple ester bonds. The three hydroxyl groups present in glycerol react with three carboxyl groups of three fatty acids. The hydroxyl groups are replaced, and the oxygen atoms connect the glycerol carbons with the three fatty acids to produce three ester bonds. Along with the formation of three ester bonds, three hydroxyl groups that are released from glycerol combine with three hydrogen ions released from three fatty acid chains to produce three water molecules.
Triglyceride metabolism and hydrolysis
Enzymes mediate the metabolism of triglycerides. Triglycerides react with water molecules and undergo the hydrolysis process. The hydrolysis of triglycerides in the presence of pancreatic enzyme lipases under acidic pH leads to the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol. Hydrolysis of triglycerides is the opposite reaction of triglyceride synthesis. It involves the consumption of water molecules to dissolve the ester bonds in the triglyceride and split it into glycerol and fatty acids. This phenomenon is also known as lipolysis.
In the above image, LCFA refers to long chain fatty acids.
As mentioned, triglycerides are energy storage entities, hence, it is necessary to break them down to release energy. Therefore, triglyceride metabolism involves complete or partial hydrolysis and the production of fatty acids and di or monoglycerides, which are then passed to the small intestines. The fatty acids in the presence of bile salts form micelles known as chylomicrons, which are directed to the enterocytes. Certain fatty acids are directly released into the blood and circulated to the liver for performing metabolic activities. Other long-chain fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to form fatty acyl CoA, which are then transported to the endoplasmic reticulum. The fatty acyl CoA is resynthesized to triglyceride by the esterification reaction. Lipoproteins such as chylomicrons deliver triglycerides to the liver and adipose tissue for energy storage through the lymphatic system.
Causes and management of hyperglyceridemia
Although triglyceride synthesis and hydrolysis are essential for energy storage and metabolism, their excess production and metabolism cause numerous complications. Normal triglyceride levels in the blood range between 150 to 200 mg/dL; an elevation in the normal range causes hyperglyceridemia.
Some common causes associated with hyperglyceridemia are as follows:
Overuse of alcohol: Alcoholic beverages increase the rate of lipolysis and induce the release of fatty acids from the liver and adipose tissue. Thereby, alcohol causes hyperglyceridemia.
Certain drugs: Some antipsychotic drugs, blood pressure medication, and corticosteroids influence the level of triglycerides in the blood.
Obesity: An increase in the concentration of very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDP) and low triglyceride hydrolysis in obese and overweight populations can cause hyperglyceridemia.
Other conditions such as liver disease, hormonal imbalance, genetic predisposition, and smoking can also influence triglyceride concentration in the body.
Some common complications associated with hyperglyceridemia include the following:
Cardiovascular diseases and heart attack
Hypertension
Diabetes
Pancreatitis
Stroke
Some common strategies for lowering the levels of triglyceride in the body are as follows:
Opting nutritionally rich diet with low fatty food and high fiber-containing food.
Avoiding the use of alcohol.
Incorporating regular physical workouts and yoga.
Avoid smoking.
Certain drugs for lowering triglyceride levels.
In case of severe hyperglyceridemia, plasmapheresis and ileal bypass surgery are performed.
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
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