Water conservation in reptiles:
The skin of the reptiles: In most reptiles, the skin is covered by scales or scute. These scales or scute are keratinized in nature, which is similar to the nails and hairs of humans. This keratinized reptilian skin prevented the reptiles from becoming dehydrated as it prevents water loss through evaporation from their skin. This presence of dry skin in reptiles paved way for their inhabitation in dry habitats including deserts. Thus, the dry skin o reptiles prevent loss of water and help in the conservation of water in many reptilian species.
Reptilian kidneys: The reptilian kidney is specially adapted such that much of the water in the body can be retained. The kidneys are highly efficient to concentrate the waste product of the body into uric acid. After the waste products are collected and processed, the kidney can efficiently reabsorb most amount of water used into the overall process. Further, water is concentrated into semi-solid and tiny bundles of uric acid, so that excretion involves the loss of only a little amount of water. The tiny and semi-solid bundles of uric acid cannot absorb liquid and the excrete that contains a very less amount of fluid is flushed out from the body through the cloaca.
In the class Amphibia, the process of fertilization is external and requires water. In contrast, in the succeeding class Reptilia, the process of fertilization is internal and thus does not require water for fertilization. After fertilization, the egg of the reptiles is adapted in a special way to conserve water. The embryo of the reptiles remains enclosed inside a fluid-filled sac, which is surrounded by three outer layers. These three layers are designed such that they balance the embryo’s water requirement and need for respiration. In some reptiles, the eggs are retained inside the body of the animal, and live young ones are given birth. Thus, in those reptiles, which retain the eggs inside the body, retaining too much of water is prevented because, if the eggs develop externally, water retention inside the eggs is essential. Further, the presence of too much water can also be harmful as the presence of too little water.
Water conservation in birds:
Birds also have several adaptations to conserve water and prevent water loss. An essential mechanism by which birds can conserve water is through their excretory system.
Cloaca: In birds, there exists a special chamber called the cloaca. The digestive waste of the birds, eggs, sperms, and uric acid passes through the cloaca before leaving the body and the cloacal region has special adaptations to reabsorb the water present in substances passing through it.
Excretory product: The chief excretory product of birds is uric acid. The process of conversion of toxic ammonia in to uric acid needs more energy, but the excretion of uric acid is advantageous. This is because uric acid results in minimal water loss and uric acid are excreted in the form of droplets, which reduces the amount of water lost through decreased glomerular filtration rate.
Similar to mammals, when birds inhale, they can convert the inhaled air into water vapors, which helps to increase the amount of water in the body. Similarly, during exhalation, some amount of heat is lost.
Needs to conserve water:
Both reptiles and birds inhabit warm and arid conditions including desert. These habitats receive very little rainfall. Further, these habitats have a very high temperature, which causes increased evaporation of water from the body. Thus, adaptation to conserve water is necessary so that a minimal amount of water is lost and also to bring about the effective usage of water that is available in the body. Birds also migrate long distances during which they may not find water resources during their journey and in such cases, adaptations to conserve water plays a great role.
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The skin of the reptiles: In most reptiles, the skin is covered by scales or scute. These scales or scute are keratinized in nature, which is similar to the nails and hairs of humans. This keratinized reptilian skin prevented the reptiles from becoming dehydrated as it prevents water loss through evaporation from their skin. This presence of dry skin in reptiles paved way for their inhabitation in dry habitats including deserts. Thus, the dry skin o reptiles prevent loss of water and help in the conservation of water in many reptilian species.
Reptilian kidneys: The reptilian kidney is specially adapted such that much of the water in the body can be retained. The kidneys are highly efficient to concentrate the waste product of the body into uric acid. After the waste products are collected and processed, the kidney can efficiently reabsorb most amount of water used into the overall process. Further, water is concentrated into semi-solid and tiny bundles of uric acid, so that excretion involves the loss of only a little amount of water. The tiny and semi-solid bundles of uric acid cannot absorb liquid and the excrete that contains a very less amount of fluid is flushed out from the body through the cloaca.
In the class Amphibia, the process of fertilization is external and requires water. In contrast, in the succeeding class Reptilia, the process of fertilization is internal and thus does not require water for fertilization. After fertilization, the egg of the reptiles is adapted in a special way to conserve water. The embryo of the reptiles remains enclosed inside a fluid-filled sac, which is surrounded by three outer layers. These three layers are designed such that they balance the embryo’s water requirement and need for respiration. In some reptiles, the eggs are retained inside the body of the animal, and live young ones are given birth. Thus, in those reptiles, which retain the eggs inside the body, retaining too much of water is prevented because, if the eggs develop externally, water retention inside the eggs is essential. Further, the presence of too much water can also be harmful as the presence of too little water.
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
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LETTER Density fluctuations represent a key process maintaining personality variation in a wild passerine bird Marionice Timburgesichard Libel Christian Bond Niels. Dingeman Abstract Heritable personality variation is subject to fluctuating selection in many animal taxat, a major unresolved question is why this is the case. A parsimonious explanation must involve a general ccological procese kdy candidate is the omnipresent spatiotemporal variation in conspecific density. We tested whether spaliotemporal variatie in density within and amongst box plots of great is (Para maju) predicted variation in selection acting an exploratory behaviour in- episodes of selection). We found viability selection favouring faster explorers under lower demitis but slower explorers under higher densities. Temporal variation in local density represented the primary factor explaining personality-selated variation in viability selection. Importantly, birds did not anticipate changes in selection by means of adaptive density-dependent plasticity. This study thereby provides an unprecedented example of the key importance of the interplay between fluctuating selection and lack of adaptive behavioural plasticity is maintaining animal personality variation in the wild Keywords competition, coping styles, denety-dependent selection, fluctuating selection, great mi, Parace mujor, personality, section gradient temperament. Ecology Letters (2016) 19:478-486 INTRODUCTION The existence of repeatable individual differences in behaviour (so-called animal personally) implies that individual animal express limited plasticity (Sihlal 2004) This phenomeno is fascinating because it raises the question of why different beluvioural types coexist within the same population (Reale dal 2007).
Personality variation is leeritable (Dachteraan et al. 2015). affects fitness (Dingemans & Reale 2005 Smith & Blumstein 2008), and is subject to fluctuating selection in a wide diversity of lasa (Dingemanse A Reale 2013 However, we lack understanding of why these fluctuating selection pressures characterize so many animal populations, and what general ecological processes explain the maintenance of per Somality variation in nature. Negative desity-dependence is a general ecological process reducing fitness when competition is Begon et al. 1990) Individual phenotypes are differentially affected by competi- Lion. Therefore, density-dependent selection is commonly evoked as an adaptive explanation for the maintenance of individual variation in reproductive tactics (Kokko & Rankin 2006) or morphology (Servo di al. 2000). Despite the general appreciation of density-dependent processes, denety-depen dence has rarely been investigated in the context of personal ity (Cote et al. 2008Quinn et al. 2009; Le Gaillard et al. 2015). This is surprising because behavioural types differ in their ability to cope with both the cases (c.8. changes in food distributions and consequences of density fluctuations (c.g. changes in amount of intraspecific competition). For example, in our study species (the great tit Parus major) availability of beech (Fagus sylvatica) crop increase overwin- ler survival (Perdeck si al 2000) which in turn leads to inten- alled competition for breeding space in spring (Both & Visser 2000). While behavioural types in this species differ in both foraging and competitive abilities (Verbeck of al. 1999, Dinge mane & de Goede 2004 van Overveld & Matthysen 2013) Their relative performance should thus logically covary with conspecific density (Both of 2005, Dingeman et al. 2004) Geven the ubiquitous nature of density fluctuations within and among populations Begon of al. 1990), we propose that variation in density maintain variation in personality in natural animal populations This study aims to test whether heterogeneous selection on personality in great tits (Dingemanse al. 2004: Quinn et al 2009) is related to density fuctuations. We focused on exploratory behaviour, at that is repeatable and heritable in Wes-Europea great populations (Dengemanse dal 2000, 2012. Korsten et al. 2013, Nicolas al. 2012: Quim of al. 2009). Is this species relatively explorative individuals are ako relatively Ekely to take risks van Oers et al. 2004). and obtain higher social dominance ranks among territorial adults in the wild (Dingemanse & de Goede 2004), explorative tendency covarios positively with the ability to secure reces under competition (Cole & Quinn 2012) This notion leads us to predict that the net benefits of investment in competitive ability should be higher in competitive environ ments, such as under high densities.
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
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Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
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